Product Name |
Levamisole Hydrochloride |
Synonym |
1-b)thiazole,2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenyl-,monohydrochloride,(s)-imidazo(;1-b)thiazole,2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenyl-,monohydrochloride,l-(-)-imidazo(;1-b]thiazole,2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenyl-,monohydrochloride,(S)-Imidazo[2;citarinl;decaris;Imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole,2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenyl-,monohydrochloride,(S)-;kw-2-le-t;L-2,3,5,6-Tetrahydro-6-phenylimidazo-[2,1-6]-thiazole |
CAS |
16595-80-5 |
MF |
C11H13ClN2S |
MW |
240.75 |
EINECS |
240-654-6 |
Appearance |
White to pale yellow crystalline powder |
Melting Point |
266-267 °C(lit.) |
Usage |
Levamisole is also a good alternative in cases of benzimidazole resistance. Levamisole Hydrochloride (Levamisole HCl), is an anthelmintic (animals roundworm, hookworm, etc.) agent commonly used in large livestock such as cattle, pigs and sheep.
It can selectively inhibit succinate dehydrogenase in parasite’s muscle so as to stop the reduction of succinic acid from fumaric acid. Therefore the parasite’s muscle metabolism lacks of oxygen and leads to decreasing of energy. |
Description:
Levamisole Hydrochloride (Levamisole HCl), is an anthelmintic (anti-worm) agent commonly used in large livestock such as cattle, pigs and sheep. In 1971 it was found to have immunostimulatory properties and investigation into its use in humans began to expand. Currently, Levamisole HCl is used in humans for diseases related to imbalances in the regulation of immune responses or deficiencies of the immune system, including autoimmune diseases, chronic and recurrent diseases, chronic infections and cancer. It has beneficial effects on host defense mechanisms and restores depressed immune responses in animals and humans. Another interesting use of levamisole in humans is as a treatment for common warts (verruca vulgaris).
News of its anthelmintic efficacy and immune system benefits has been known among aquatic hobbyists for years. The problem, however, is that there is not much in the way of definitive information on its use and application in the hobby. Anecdotal accounts of how it has worked for those ‘outside the box’ aquarists who first braved its use with fish, and accounts of personal experience with Levamisole in individual aquariums are helpful, but the ‘your mileage may vary’ factor is immense. Word about its usefulness in treating internal parasites in the ornamental fish trade has spread, but information regarding its use is limited and sometimes conflicting. From the information I have found thus far, Levamisole HCl is safe to use in aquaria and effective against many internal parasites, especially nematodes, when used in appropriate dosages. It does not harm the bio-filter, plants, invertebrates or uninfected fish. As an added benefit, it boosts the immune competence of fish, humans, large animals, birds and some reptiles.
Levamisole HCL is absorbed through the gut, can also be absorbed through the skin and is distributed throughout the body. Levamisole affects the neurotransmitters and paralyzes the worm (spastic paralysis). The fish then passes the inactive worms. Good gravel vacuuming is advised after treatment to remove the paralyzed (but still live) worms. It is not ovicidal, which means it will not affect eggs already present, but it will affect the larval stage of the worm. To ensure complete eradication of the parasite treat again after remaining eggs have hatched. How does Levamisole HCL work as an immunomodulator?
The mechanism of action for its immunostimulating effects are not well understood. It is believed that it restores cell-mediated immune function in peripheral T-lymphocytes and stimulates phagocytosis by monocytes. The drug appears to restore depressed immune function rather than to stimulate response to above-normal levels. There are multitudes of medical studies being done with its use in humans and animals, the goal being to attain understanding of its immunomodulating mechanism. The mechanism will be defined, with time.
Application:
Levamisole Hcl has been used to treat a variety of dermatologic conditions, including skin infections, leprosy, warts,lichen planus, and aphthous ulcers.
Levamisole Hcl can improve the patient’s ability to fight bacteria and virus infection.
Laboratory Hcl use, It is used to immobilize the nematode.
Levamisole Hydrochloride, is an anthelmintic agent commonly used in large livestock such as cattle, pigs and sheep. In 1971 it was found to have immunostimulatory properties and investigation into its use in humans began to expand. Currently, Levamisole HCL is used in humans for diseases related to imbalances in the regulation of immune responses or deficiencies of the immune system, including autoimmune diseases, chronic and recurrent diseases, chronic infections and cancer. It has beneficial effects on host defense mechanisms and restores depressed immune responses in animals and humans. Another interesting use of levamisole in humans is as a treatment for common warts.
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